2017-12-19T19:08:21Z

The Flask Mega-Tutorial Part III: Web Forms

This is the third installment of the Flask Mega-Tutorial series, in which I'm going to tell you how to work with web forms.

For your reference, below is a list of the articles in this series.

In Chapter 2 I created a simple template for the home page of the application, and used fake objects as placeholders for things I don't have yet, like users or blog posts. In this chapter I'm going to address one of the many holes I still have in this application, specifically how to accept input from users through web forms.

Web forms are one of the most basic building blocks in any web application. I will be using forms to allow users to submit blog posts, and also for logging in to the application.

Before you proceed with this chapter, make sure you have the microblog application as I left it in the previous chapter installed, and that you can run it without any errors.

The GitHub links for this chapter are: Browse, Zip, Diff.

Introduction to Flask-WTF

To handle the web forms in this application I'm going to use the Flask-WTF extension, which is a thin wrapper around the WTForms package that nicely integrates it with Flask. This is the first Flask extension that I'm presenting to you, but it is not going to be the last. Extensions are a very important part of the Flask ecosystem, as they provide solutions to problems that Flask is intentionally not opinionated about.

Flask extensions are regular Python packages that are installed with pip. You can go ahead and install Flask-WTF in your virtual environment:

(venv) $ pip install flask-wtf

So far the application is very simple, and for that reason I did not need to worry about its configuration. But for any applications except the simplest ones, you are going to find that Flask (and possibly also the Flask extensions that you use) offer some amount of freedom in how to do things, and you need to make some decisions, which you pass to the framework as a list of configuration variables.

There are several formats for the application to specify configuration options. The most basic solution is to define your variables as keys in app.config, which uses a dictionary style to work with variables. For example, you could do something like this:

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config['SECRET_KEY'] = 'you-will-never-guess'
# ... add more variables here as needed

While the above syntax is sufficient to create configuration options for Flask, I like to enforce the principle of separation of concerns, so instead of putting my configuration in the same place where I create my application I will use a slightly more elaborate structure that allows me to keep my configuration in a separate file.

A format that I really like because it is very extensible, is to use a class to store configuration variables. To keep things nicely organized, I'm going to create the configuration class in a separate Python module. Below you can see the new configuration class for this application, stored in a config.py module in the top-level directory.

config.py: Secret key configuration

import os

class Config(object):
    SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY') or 'you-will-never-guess'

Pretty simple, right? The configuration settings are defined as class variables inside the Config class. As the application needs more configuration items, they can be added to this class, and later if I find that I need to have more than one configuration set, I can create subclasses of it. But don't worry about this just yet.

The SECRET_KEY configuration variable that I added as the only configuration item is an important part in most Flask applications. Flask and some of its extensions use the value of the secret key as a cryptographic key, useful to generate signatures or tokens. The Flask-WTF extension uses it to protect web forms against a nasty attack called Cross-Site Request Forgery or CSRF (pronounced "seasurf"). As its name implies, the secret key is supposed to be secret, as the strength of the tokens and signatures generated with it depends on no person outside of the trusted maintainers of the application knowing it.

The value of the secret key is set as an expression with two terms, joined by the or operator. The first term looks for the value of an environment variable, also called SECRET_KEY. The second term, is just a hardcoded string. This is a pattern that you will see me repeat often for configuration variables. The idea is that a value sourced from an environment variable is preferred, but if the environment does not define the variable, then the hardcoded string is used instead as a default. When you are developing this application, the security requirements are low, so you can just ignore this setting and let the hardcoded string be used. But when this application is deployed on a production server, I will be setting a unique and difficult to guess value in the environment, so that the server has a secure key that nobody else knows.

Now that I have a config file, I need to tell Flask to read it and apply it. That can be done right after the Flask application instance is created using the app.config.from_object() method:

app/__init__.py: Flask configuration

from flask import Flask
from config import Config

app = Flask(__name__)
app.config.from_object(Config)

from app import routes

The way I'm importing the Config class may seem confusing at first, but if you look at how the Flask class (uppercase "F") is imported from the flask package (lowercase "f") you'll notice that I'm doing the same with the configuration. The lowercase "config" is the name of the Python module config.py, and obviously the one with the uppercase "C" is the actual class.

As I mentioned above, the configuration items can be accessed with a dictionary syntax from app.config. Here you can see a quick session with the Python interpreter where I check what is the value of the secret key:

>>> from microblog import app
>>> app.config['SECRET_KEY']
'you-will-never-guess'

User Login Form

The Flask-WTF extension uses Python classes to represent web forms. A form class simply defines the fields of the form as class variables.

Once again having separation of concerns in mind, I'm going to use a new app/forms.py module to store my web form classes. To begin, let's define a user login form, which asks the user to enter a username and a password. The form will also include a "remember me" check box, and a submit button:

app/forms.py: Login form

from flask_wtf import FlaskForm
from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, BooleanField, SubmitField
from wtforms.validators import DataRequired

class LoginForm(FlaskForm):
    username = StringField('Username', validators=[DataRequired()])
    password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[DataRequired()])
    remember_me = BooleanField('Remember Me')
    submit = SubmitField('Sign In')

Most Flask extensions use a flask_<name> naming convention for their top-level import symbol. In this case, Flask-WTF has all its symbols under flask_wtf. This is where the FlaskForm base class is imported from at the top of app/forms.py.

The four classes that represent the field types that I'm using for this form are imported directly from the WTForms package, since the Flask-WTF extension does not provide customized versions. For each field, an object is created as a class variable in the LoginForm class. Each field is given a description or label as a first argument.

The optional validators argument that you see in some of the fields is used to attach validation behaviors to fields. The DataRequired validator simply checks that the field is not submitted empty. There are many more validators available, some of which will be used in other forms.

Form Templates

The next step is to add the form to an HTML template so that it can be rendered on a web page. The good news is that the fields that are defined in the LoginForm class know how to render themselves as HTML, so this task is fairly simple. Below you can see the login template, which I'm going to store in file app/templates/login.html:

app/templates/login.html: Login form template

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Sign In</h1>
    <form action="" method="post" novalidate>
        {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
        <p>
            {{ form.username.label }}<br>
            {{ form.username(size=32) }}
        </p>
        <p>
            {{ form.password.label }}<br>
            {{ form.password(size=32) }}
        </p>
        <p>{{ form.remember_me() }} {{ form.remember_me.label }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.submit() }}</p>
    </form>
{% endblock %}

For this template I'm reusing one more time the base.html template as shown in Chapter 2, through the extends template inheritance statement. I will actually do this with all the templates, to ensure a consistent layout that includes a top navigation bar across all the pages of the application.

This template expects a form object instantiated from the LoginForm class to be given as an argument, which you can see referenced as form. This argument will be sent by the login view function, which I still haven't written.

The HTML <form> element is used as a container for the web form. The action attribute of the form is used to tell the browser the URL that should be used when submitting the information the user entered in the form. When the action is set to an empty string the form is submitted to the URL that is currently in the address bar, which is the URL that rendered the form on the page. The method attribute specifies the HTTP request method that should be used when submitting the form to the server. The default is to send it with a GET request, but in almost all cases, using a POST request makes for a better user experience because requests of this type can submit the form data in the body of the request, while GET requests add the form fields to the URL, cluttering the browser address bar. The novalidate attribute is used to tell the web browser to not apply validation to the fields in this form, which effectively leaves this task to the Flask application running in the server. Using novalidate is entirely optional, but for this first form it is important that you set it because this will allow you to test server-side validation later in this chapter.

The form.hidden_tag() template argument generates a hidden field that includes a token that is used to protect the form against CSRF attacks. All you need to do to have the form protected is include this hidden field and have the SECRET_KEY variable defined in the Flask configuration. If you take care of these two things, Flask-WTF does the rest for you.

If you've written HTML web forms in the past, you may have found it odd that there are no HTML fields in this template. This is because the fields from the form object know how to render themselves as HTML. All I needed to do was to include {{ form.<field_name>.label }} where I wanted the field label, and {{ form.<field_name>() }} where I wanted the field. For fields that require additional HTML attributes, those can be passed as arguments. The username and password fields in this template take the size as an argument that will be added to the <input> HTML element as an attribute. This is how you can also attach CSS classes or IDs to form fields.

Form Views

The final step before you can see this form in the browser is to code a new view function in the application that renders the template from the previous section.

So let's write a new view function mapped to the /login URL that creates a form, and passes it to the template for rendering. This view function can also go in the app/routes.py module with the previous one:

app/routes.py: Login view function

from flask import render_template
from app import app
from app.forms import LoginForm

# ...

@app.route('/login')
def login():
    form = LoginForm()
    return render_template('login.html', title='Sign In', form=form)

What I did here is import the LoginForm class from forms.py, instantiated an object from it, and sent it down to the template. The form=form syntax may look odd, but is simply passing the form object created in the line above (and shown on the right side) to the template with the name form (shown on the left). This is all that is required to get form fields rendered.

To make it easy to access the login form, the base template can include a link to it in the navigation bar:

app/templates/base.html: Login link in navigation bar

<div>
    Microblog:
    <a href="/index">Home</a>
    <a href="/login">Login</a>
</div>

At this point you can run the application and see the form in your web browser. With the application running, type http://localhost:5000/ in the browser's address bar, and then click on the "Login" link in the top navigation bar to see the new login form. Pretty cool, right?

Login Form

Receiving Form Data

If you try to press the submit button the browser is going to display a "Method Not Allowed" error. This is because the login view function from the previous section does one half of the job so far. It can display the form on a web page, but it has no logic to process data submitted by the user yet. This is another area where Flask-WTF makes the job really easy. Here is an updated version of the view function that accepts and validates the data submitted by the user:

app/routes.py: Receiving login credentials

from flask import render_template, flash, redirect

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    form = LoginForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        flash('Login requested for user {}, remember_me={}'.format(
            form.username.data, form.remember_me.data))
        return redirect('/index')
    return render_template('login.html', title='Sign In', form=form)

The first new thing in this version is the methods argument in the route decorator. This tells Flask that this view function accepts GET and POST requests, overriding the default, which is to accept only GET requests. The HTTP protocol states that GET requests are those that return information to the client (the web browser in this case). All the requests in the application so far are of this type. POST requests are typically used when the browser submits form data to the server (in reality GET requests can also be used for this purpose, but it is not a recommended practice). The "Method Not Allowed" error that the browser showed you before, appears because the browser tried to send a POST request and the application was not configured to accept it. By providing the methods argument, you are telling Flask which request methods should be accepted.

The form.validate_on_submit() method does all the form processing work. When the browser sends the GET request to receive the web page with the form, this method is going to return False, so in that case the function skips the if statement and goes directly to render the template in the last line of the function.

When the browser sends the POST request as a result of the user pressing the submit button, form.validate_on_submit() is going to gather all the data, run all the validators attached to fields, and if everything is all right it will return True, indicating that the data is valid and can be processed by the application. But if at least one field fails validation, then the function will return False, and that will cause the form to be rendered back to the user, like in the GET request case. Later I'm going to add an error message when validation fails.

When form.validate_on_submit() returns True, the login view function calls two new functions, imported from Flask. The flash() function is a useful way to show a message to the user. A lot of applications use this technique to let the user know if some action has been successful or not. In this case, I'm going to use this mechanism as a temporary solution, because I don't have all the infrastructure necessary to log users in for real yet. The best I can do for now is show a message that confirms that the application received the credentials.

The second new function used in the login view function is redirect(). This function instructs the client web browser to automatically navigate to a different page, given as an argument. This view function uses it to redirect the user to the index page of the application.

When you call the flash() function, Flask stores the message, but flashed messages will not magically appear in web pages. The templates of the application need to render these flashed messages in a way that works for the site layout. I'm going to add these messages to the base template, so that all the templates inherit this functionality. This is the updated base template:

app/templates/base.html: Flashed messages in base template

<html>
    <head>
        {% if title %}
        <title>{{ title }} - microblog</title>
        {% else %}
        <title>microblog</title>
        {% endif %}
    </head>
    <body>
        <div>
            Microblog:
            <a href="/index">Home</a>
            <a href="/login">Login</a>
        </div>
        <hr>
        {% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}
        {% if messages %}
        <ul>
            {% for message in messages %}
            <li>{{ message }}</li>
            {% endfor %}
        </ul>
        {% endif %}
        {% endwith %}
        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    </body>
</html>

Here I'm using a with construct to assign the result of calling get_flashed_messages() to a messages variable, all in the context of the template. The get_flashed_messages() function comes from Flask, and returns a list of all the messages that have been registered with flash() previously. The conditional that follows checks if messages has some content, and in that case, a <ul> element is rendered with each message as a <li> list item. This style of rendering does not look great, but the topic of styling the web application will come later.

An interesting property of these flashed messages is that once they are requested once through the get_flashed_messages function they are removed from the message list, so they appear only once after the flash() function is called.

This is a great time to try the application one more time and test how the form works. Make sure you try submitting the form with the username or password fields empty, to see how the DataRequired validator halts the submission process.

Improving Field Validation

The validators that are attached to form fields prevent invalid data from being accepted into the application. The way the application deals with invalid form input is by re-displaying the form, to let the user make the necessary corrections.

If you tried to submit invalid data, I'm sure you noticed that while the validation mechanisms work well, there is no indication given to the user that something is wrong with the form, the user simply gets the form back. The next task is to improve the user experience by adding a meaningful error message next to each field that failed validation.

In fact, the form validators generate these descriptive error messages already, so all that is missing is some additional logic in the template to render them.

Here is the login template with added field validation messages in the username and password fields:

app/templates/login.html: Validation errors in login form template

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Sign In</h1>
    <form action="" method="post" novalidate>
        {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
        <p>
            {{ form.username.label }}<br>
            {{ form.username(size=32) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.username.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>
            {{ form.password.label }}<br>
            {{ form.password(size=32) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.password.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>{{ form.remember_me() }} {{ form.remember_me.label }}</p>
        <p>{{ form.submit() }}</p>
    </form>
{% endblock %}

The only change I've made is to add for loops right after the username and password fields that render the error messages added by the validators in red color. As a general rule, any fields that have validators attached will have any error messages that result from validation added under form.<field_name>.errors. This is going to be a list, because fields can have multiple validators attached and more than one may be providing error messages to display to the user.

If you try to submit the form with an empty username or password, you will now get a nice error message in red.

Form validation

Generating Links

The login form is fairly complete now, but before closing this chapter I wanted to discuss the proper way to include links in templates and redirects. So far you have seen a few instances in which links are defined. For example, this is the current navigation bar in the base template:

    <div>
        Microblog:
        <a href="/index">Home</a>
        <a href="/login">Login</a>
    </div>

The login view function also defines a link that is passed to the redirect() function:

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    form = LoginForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        # ...
        return redirect('/index')
    # ...

One problem with writing links directly in templates and source files is that if one day you decide to reorganize your links, then you are going to have to search and replace these links in your entire application.

To have better control over these links, Flask provides a function called url_for(), which generates URLs using its internal mapping of URLs to view functions. For example, the expression url_for('login') returns /login, and url_for('index') return '/index. The argument to url_for() is the endpoint name, which is the name of the view function.

You may ask why is it better to use the function names instead of URLs. The fact is that URLs are much more likely to change than view function names, which are completely internal. A secondary reason is that as you will learn later, some URLs have dynamic components in them, so generating those URLs by hand would require concatenating multiple elements, which is tedious and error prone. The url_for() is also able to generate these complex URLs.

So from now on, I'm going to use url_for() every time I need to generate an application URL. The navigation bar in the base template then becomes:

app/templates/base.html: Use url\_for() function for links

    <div>
        Microblog:
        <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">Home</a>
        <a href="{{ url_for('login') }}">Login</a>
    </div>

And here is the updated login() view function:

app/routes.py: Use url\_for() function for links

from flask import render_template, flash, redirect, url_for

# ...

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    form = LoginForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        # ...
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    # ...

501 comments

  • #476 Timo said 2021-08-28T19:35:12Z

    I love this content! Thanks sooo much for all the work that went into this masterpiece! You are one of those real heroes! Much much appreciated!

  • #477 Ryan said 2021-09-28T11:12:15Z

    Hello Miguel, I've recently faced another issue for the url_for(). The redirection comes in with url appended .html extension which results a 404 Not found error.

    For instance: If i click on the link from the html sample below:

    <li class="nav-item">
      <a href="{{ url_for('home_blueprint.leaveapplicationlog') }}" class="nav-link">
        <i class="nav-icon far fa-list-alt"></i>
          <p>
            Leave Application Log
            <span class="badge badge-info right">0</span>
          </p>
        </a>
    </li>
    

    And here's the routes.py

    @blueprint.route('/leaveapplicationlog')
    @login_required
    def leaveapplicationlog():
        if current_user.department_id == '1' or '2':
            leaveapplicationlog = LeaveApplication.query.all()
            return render_template("leaveapplicationlog.html", leaveapplicationlog=leaveapplicationlog)
    

    On the browser, i see the full url is http://localhost:5000/leaveapplicationlog.html (Not Found) Rather than http://localhost:5000/leaveapplicationlog

    If i manually type in http://localhost:5000/leaveapplicationlog, i am able to see the page.

    Would you please advise the error based on your experience? Just to provide extra information, I think it is not the issue from home_blueprint, since I've tried removing it and it still produce the same error.

    FYI, the blueprint is defined in home/init.py which is where my templates folder are.

    blueprint = Blueprint(
        'home_blueprint',
        __name__,
        url_prefix='',
        template_folder='templates',
        static_folder='static'
    )
    
  • #478 Miguel Grinberg said 2021-09-28T19:43:09Z

    @Ryan: if you print url_for('home_blueprint.leaveapplicationlog') in your route, is the URL printed with or without the .html suffix? I expect there will be no html suffix, which means that the suffix must be being added by some other component you have, after Flask returns the response.

  • #479 Sean Clancy said 2021-10-07T16:51:11Z

    I was just messing around with the code. I changed the top-level directory name from Mircoblog to Microblog1 and then tried running this code in the interpreter:

    >>> from microblog import app
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "C:\Users\Sean\projects\Microblog1\microblog.py", line 1, in <module>
        from app import app
      File "C:\Users\Sean\projects\Microblog1\app\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
        from flask import Flask
    ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'flask'
    

    Just wondering why the name of the top-level directory matters if the name of module microblog.py that we're importing remains unchanged?

  • #480 Miguel Grinberg said 2021-10-07T19:29:34Z

    @Sean: if you rename a directory, any virtual environments located in that directory or any subdirectory of it must be recreated. Virtualenvs do not support directory renames.

  • #481 Javier said 2021-11-10T03:12:56Z

    @Miguel I'm very thankful for this tutorials, one question I have is, when dealing with forms and databases, should I use the forms to validate of for example there is already an item on the database that matches the one someone is trying tocreate? or should I manage that on the model? If I manage it on the model, how can I return a validation error or something that I can show an error for the user interface?

  • #482 Miguel Grinberg said 2021-11-10T10:03:56Z

    @Javier: this is covered later in the tutorial.

  • #483 Simon Butler said 2021-11-28T00:02:10Z

    Miguel,

    How do forms and routes work with inheritance?

    For example, if I'd like a form to appear on every page, but the form is in the layout.html?

    So, if some_form is referenced in layout.html, and some_form is referenced and rendered in the route for index.html (eg. return render_template('index.html', some_form=some_form), how would this work without receiving "jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError: 'some_form' is undefined" errors?

    The form itself is displayed on the page with correct data (as supplied by the index.html route), but I still receive the error. Any ideas?

  • #484 Miguel Grinberg said 2021-11-28T12:35:16Z

    @Simon: sorry, but I don't understand. If you want a form to appear on every page, you can render the form in the layout.html base template. But because this is not in layout, you are forced to pass a form instance with every page that uses that layout. Maybe that's the part that you missed?

    The most direct solution is to add some_form as an argument in every render_template that you have in your application. You can avoid adding the form in every render_template if you put the form in the Jinja context through a context processor function, but this is more of an advanced trick that I suggest you leave for later if you are only starting with the tutorial.

  • #485 Simon Butler said 2021-11-29T00:31:42Z

    Hey Miguel,

    For the life of me, I wasn't able to figure out why the form would only work if it was in the .html specified in render_template ( rather than layout.html. If I moved the form to the .html everything worked fine).

    In the end, I abandoned that method, and put the form in a separate template & route, and only include the results in the layout.html (which is on every page).

    I'm pretty happy with the result. Thanks for your insight!

  • #486 AR said 2022-01-26T04:32:19Z

    Hi Miguel,

    I have a form to collect email at the end of my blog posts. By the time readers finish reading the blog post and reach at the bottom of the page to enter their email, the form does not validate. In the log, it says 'CSRF tokens expired' and sometimes it says 'CSRF tokens mismatch'.

    I know cookies have time limits but this is happening around 10 minutes of a page loading. So if I load a webpage and then after 10 minutes try to submit the form on it, I get error.

    I have sees website, and even this site of yours where form still accepts and validates after a longer time. Ideally, I would like the forms to remain active atleast for 30 minutes instead of 10-12 minutes at the moment. How can I resolve this?

  • #487 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-01-26T09:20:36Z

    @AR: See the configuration section of Flask-WTF for details on how to change the expiration of the CSRF token: https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.io/en/1.0.x/config/.

  • #488 Keith said 2022-02-15T23:31:30Z

    Hello Miguel, Many thanks for such an excellent tutorial. Just wondering, after "if form.validate_on_submit():" How best to get the value of the "remember me" check box? That is, has it been checked or not? Thanks Keith

  • #489 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-02-16T12:03:28Z

    @Keith: this is shown in the "Receiving Form Data" section above. For the checkbox you would use form.remember_me.data.

  • #490 Keith said 2022-02-18T13:36:31Z

    @Miguel I've found what's causing the problem. All my other forms start like this: <form action="" method="post" name="registration"> (with different name values on each form) And all the form data is accessible in the View after "if form.validate_on_submit():" Except when the form field is a Boolean, any checkbox/boolean (like form.remember_me.data) always comes back as false. The fix was to add "novalidate" e.g. <form action="" method="post" name="registration" novalidate> Now form.remember_me.data is True after the checkbox is checked.

    It's a bit counter-intuitive why "novalidate" makes "if form.validate_on_submit():" work. Is it because a checkbox without "validators=[DataRequired()" always validates as False? e.g. class RegistrationForm(FlaskForm): email = StringField('email', validators=[DataRequired()]) password = PasswordField('password', validators=[DataRequired()]) confirmed = BooleanField('confirmed')

    Thanks Keith

  • #491 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-02-18T19:46:58Z

    @Keith: I don't understand how novalidate is related to this problem. This is a client-side option, unrelated to what happens in the server.

  • #492 Keith said 2022-02-18T20:19:32Z

    @Miquel

    1) in your Login form template, if you remove "novalidate" from the form action <form action="" method="post" > then in your View, after "if form.validate_on_submit():" what value do you get for form.remember_me after submitting with a checked checkbox?

    2) Do you get the same results with a named form action? <form action="" method="post" name=login">

    Thanks Keith

  • #493 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-02-19T21:57:06Z

    @Keith: the value of form.remember_me.data matches the checkbox, with or without novalidate. Also, what does the name attribute have to do with how the checkbox is parsed? Also, in present day there is no reason to name a form, you should use id instead.

  • #494 Keith said 2022-02-20T18:15:29Z

    @Miguel "there is no reason to name a form, you should use id instead." Thanks!

    Here's a different question about Flask Forms. Do you have a preferred method for finding how long a user took to submit a response? That is, the duration from (1) the datetime the form template is loaded to (2) the datetime the View gets form.validate_on_submit():

    Thanks again Keith

  • #495 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-02-21T16:06:10Z

    @Keith: you can render the form with a hidden field that has the render time. Then when the form is submitted you can subtract current time minus this field to know how long it took the user to submit.

  • #496 Keith said 2022-02-21T23:13:27Z

    @Miguel Thanks, that works nicely! :-)

    In forms.py, I added a hidden field "page_start_time"

    class RegistrationForm(FlaskForm): page_start_time = HiddenField()

    Then at the start of the @app,route form = RegistrationForm(page_start_time = datetime.now())

    Of course, going through the hidden field, "datetime.now()" started as a datetime object, but comes back from the form as a string. So in the @app.route, some datatype conversion to keep it clean and usable...

    if form.validate_on_submit():
        # page duration (start) -----------------------------------------------------------
        page_start_time = form.page_start_time.data
        # using strptime() to get datetime object
        page_start_datetime_obj = datetime.strptime(page_start_time, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f')
        page_end_datetime_obj = datetime.now()
        duration = (page_end_datetime_obj - page_start_datetime_obj)
        duration_s = duration.seconds
        duration_ms = duration.microseconds
        duration_sms = str(duration_s) + '.' + str(duration_ms)
        print("duration time (in seconds and microseconds) = ",duration_sms)
        # page duration (end) -------------------------------------------------------------
    
  • #497 RunningDad said 2022-02-26T17:41:31Z

    Really enjoy your blog. Thank you for the hard work you clearly put into this!

  • #498 Edmund said 2022-03-07T19:38:17Z

    Hi Miguel. My users are finding the built-in CSRF validation error text confusing. Can you think of a way to override the error messages with our own text like "there was a problem, try again" instead? Thank you!

  • #499 Miguel Grinberg said 2022-03-07T19:48:33Z

    @Edmund: Is this because the CSRF token expires? Why not make it last longer? See WTF_CSRF_TIMELIMIT in the docs: https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.io/en/1.0.x/config/.

  • #500 Tino Tom said 2022-06-22T18:22:41Z

    Isn't the form.hidden_tag just to render hidden tags (https://flask-wtf.readthedocs.io/en/0.15.x/api/#flask_wtf.FlaskForm.hidden_tag).

    Don't you need to this https://testdriven.io/blog/csrf-flask/?

    Or do I have this wrong?

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