2018-01-02T17:20:33Z

The Flask Mega-Tutorial Part V: User Logins

This is the fifth installment of the Flask Mega-Tutorial series, in which I'm going to tell you how to create a user login subsystem.

For your reference, below is a list of the articles in this series.

In Chapter 3 you learned how to create the user login form, and in Chapter 4 you learned how to work with a database. This chapter will teach you how to combine the topics from those two chapters to create a simple user login system.

The GitHub links for this chapter are: Browse, Zip, Diff.

Password Hashing

In Chapter 4 the user model was given a password_hash field, that so far is unused. The purpose of this field is to hold a hash of the user password, which will be used to verify the password entered by the user during the log in process. Password hashing is a complicated topic that should be left to security experts, but there are several easy to use libraries that implement all that logic in a way that is simple to be invoked from an application.

One of the packages that implement password hashing is Werkzeug, which you may have seen referenced in the output of pip when you install Flask, since it is one of its core dependencies. Since it is a dependency, Werkzeug is already installed in your virtual environment. The following Python shell session demonstrates how to hash a password:

>>> from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash
>>> hash = generate_password_hash('foobar')
>>> hash
'pbkdf2:sha256:50000$vT9fkZM8$04dfa35c6476acf7e788a1b5b3c35e217c78dc04539d295f011f01f18cd2'

In this example, the password foobar is transformed into a long encoded string through a series of cryptographic operations that have no known reverse operation, which means that a person that obtains the hashed password will be unable to use it to obtain the original password. As an additional measure, if you hash the same password multiple times, you will get different results, so this makes it impossible to identify if two users have the same password by looking at their hashes.

The verification process is done with a second function from Werkzeug, as follows:

>>> from werkzeug.security import check_password_hash
>>> check_password_hash(hash, 'foobar')
True
>>> check_password_hash(hash, 'barfoo')
False

The verification function takes a password hash that was previously generated, and a password entered by the user at the time of log in. The function returns True if the password provided by the user matches the hash, or False otherwise.

The whole password hashing logic can be implemented as two new methods in the user model:

app/models.py: Password hashing and verification

from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash

# ...

class User(db.Model):
    # ...

    def set_password(self, password):
        self.password_hash = generate_password_hash(password)

    def check_password(self, password):
        return check_password_hash(self.password_hash, password)

With these two methods in place, a user object is now able to do secure password verification, without the need to ever store original passwords. Here is an example usage of these new methods:

>>> u = User(username='susan', email='susan@example.com')
>>> u.set_password('mypassword')
>>> u.check_password('anotherpassword')
False
>>> u.check_password('mypassword')
True

Introduction to Flask-Login

In this chapter I'm going to introduce you to a very popular Flask extension called Flask-Login. This extension manages the user logged-in state, so that for example users can log in to the application and then navigate to different pages while the application "remembers" that the user is logged in. It also provides the "remember me" functionality that allows users to remain logged in even after closing the browser window. To be ready for this chapter, you can start by installing Flask-Login in your virtual environment:

(venv) $ pip install flask-login

As with other extensions, Flask-Login needs to be created and initialized right after the application instance in app/__init__.py. This is how this extension is initialized:

app/__init__.py: Flask-Login initialization

# ...
from flask_login import LoginManager

app = Flask(__name__)
# ...
login = LoginManager(app)

# ...

Preparing The User Model for Flask-Login

The Flask-Login extension works with the application's user model, and expects certain properties and methods to be implemented in it. This approach is nice, because as long as these required items are added to the model, Flask-Login does not have any other requirements, so for example, it can work with user models that are based on any database system.

The four required items are listed below:

  • is_authenticated: a property that is True if the user has valid credentials or False otherwise.
  • is_active: a property that is True if the user's account is active or False otherwise.
  • is_anonymous: a property that is False for regular users, and True for a special, anonymous user.
  • get_id(): a method that returns a unique identifier for the user as a string (unicode, if using Python 2).

I can implement these four easily, but since the implementations are fairly generic, Flask-Login provides a mixin class called UserMixin that includes generic implementations that are appropriate for most user model classes. Here is how the mixin class is added to the model:

app/models.py: Flask-Login user mixin class

# ...
from flask_login import UserMixin

class User(UserMixin, db.Model):
    # ...

User Loader Function

Flask-Login keeps track of the logged in user by storing its unique identifier in Flask's user session, a storage space assigned to each user who connects to the application. Each time the logged-in user navigates to a new page, Flask-Login retrieves the ID of the user from the session, and then loads that user into memory.

Because Flask-Login knows nothing about databases, it needs the application's help in loading a user. For that reason, the extension expects that the application will configure a user loader function, that can be called to load a user given the ID. This function can be added in the app/models.py module:

app/models.py: Flask-Login user loader function

from app import login
# ...

@login.user_loader
def load_user(id):
    return User.query.get(int(id))

The user loader is registered with Flask-Login with the @login.user_loader decorator. The id that Flask-Login passes to the function as an argument is going to be a string, so databases that use numeric IDs need to convert the string to integer as you see above.

Logging Users In

Let's revisit the login view function, which as you recall, implemented a fake login that just issued a flash() message. Now that the application has access to a user database and knows how to generate and verify password hashes, this view function can be completed.

app/routes.py: Login view function logic

# ...
from flask_login import current_user, login_user
from app.models import User

# ...

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    if current_user.is_authenticated:
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    form = LoginForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
        if user is None or not user.check_password(form.password.data):
            flash('Invalid username or password')
            return redirect(url_for('login'))
        login_user(user, remember=form.remember_me.data)
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    return render_template('login.html', title='Sign In', form=form)

The top two lines in the login() function deal with a weird situation. Imagine you have a user that is logged in, and the user navigates to the /login URL of your application. Clearly that is a mistake, so I want to not allow that. The current_user variable comes from Flask-Login and can be used at any time during the handling to obtain the user object that represents the client of the request. The value of this variable can be a user object from the database (which Flask-Login reads through the user loader callback I provided above), or a special anonymous user object if the user did not log in yet. Remember those properties that Flask-Login required in the user object? One of those was is_authenticated, which comes in handy to check if the user is logged in or not. When the user is already logged in, I just redirect to the index page.

In place of the flash() call that I used earlier, now I can log the user in for real. The first step is to load the user from the database. The username came with the form submission, so I can query the database with that to find the user. For this purpose I'm using the filter_by() method of the SQLAlchemy query object. The result of filter_by() is a query that only includes the objects that have a matching username. Since I know there is only going to be one or zero results, I complete the query by calling first(), which will return the user object if it exists, or None if it does not. In Chapter 4 you have seen that when you call the all() method in a query, the query executes and you get a list of all the results that match that query. The first() method is another commonly used way to execute a query, when you only need to have one result.

If I got a match for the username that was provided, I can next check if the password that also came with the form is valid. This is done by invoking the check_password() method I defined above. This will take the password hash stored with the user and determine if the password entered in the form matches the hash or not. So now I have two possible error conditions: the username can be invalid, or the password can be incorrect for the user. In either of those cases, I flash an message, and redirect back to the login prompt so that the user can try again.

If the username and password are both correct, then I call the login_user() function, which comes from Flask-Login. This function will register the user as logged in, so that means that any future pages the user navigates to will have the current_user variable set to that user.

To complete the login process, I just redirect the newly logged-in user to the index page.

Logging Users Out

I know I will also need to offer users the option to log out of the application. This can be done with Flask-Login's logout_user() function. Here is the logout view function:

app/routes.py: Logout view function

# ...
from flask_login import logout_user

# ...

@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
    logout_user()
    return redirect(url_for('index'))

To expose this link to users, I can make the Login link in the navigation bar automatically switch to a Logout link after the user logs in. This can be done with a conditional in the base.html template:

app/templates/base.html: Conditional login and logout links

    <div>
        Microblog:
        <a href="{{ url_for('index') }}">Home</a>
        {% if current_user.is_anonymous %}
        <a href="{{ url_for('login') }}">Login</a>
        {% else %}
        <a href="{{ url_for('logout') }}">Logout</a>
        {% endif %}
    </div>

The is_anonymous property is one of the attributes that Flask-Login adds to user objects through the UserMixin class. The current_user.is_anonymous expression is going to be True only when the user is not logged in.

Requiring Users To Login

Flask-Login provides a very useful feature that forces users to log in before they can view certain pages of the application. If a user who is not logged in tries to view a protected page, Flask-Login will automatically redirect the user to the login form, and only redirect back to the page the user wanted to view after the login process is complete.

For this feature to be implemented, Flask-Login needs to know what is the view function that handles logins. This can be added in app/__init__.py:

# ...
login = LoginManager(app)
login.login_view = 'login'

The 'login' value above is the function (or endpoint) name for the login view. In other words, the name you would use in a url_for() call to get the URL.

The way Flask-Login protects a view function against anonymous users is with a decorator called @login_required. When you add this decorator to a view function below the @app.route decorators from Flask, the function becomes protected and will not allow access to users that are not authenticated. Here is how the decorator can be applied to the index view function of the application:

app/routes.py: @login\_required decorator

from flask_login import login_required

@app.route('/')
@app.route('/index')
@login_required
def index():
    # ...

What remains is to implement the redirect back from the successful login to the page the user wanted to access. When a user that is not logged in accesses a view function protected with the @login_required decorator, the decorator is going to redirect to the login page, but it is going to include some extra information in this redirect so that the application can then return to the first page. If the user navigates to /index, for example, the @login_required decorator will intercept the request and respond with a redirect to /login, but it will add a query string argument to this URL, making the complete redirect URL /login?next=/index. The next query string argument is set to the original URL, so the application can use that to redirect back after login.

Here is a snippet of code that shows how to read and process the next query string argument:

app/routes.py: Redirect to "next" page

from flask import request
from werkzeug.urls import url_parse

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
    # ...
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        user = User.query.filter_by(username=form.username.data).first()
        if user is None or not user.check_password(form.password.data):
            flash('Invalid username or password')
            return redirect(url_for('login'))
        login_user(user, remember=form.remember_me.data)
        next_page = request.args.get('next')
        if not next_page or url_parse(next_page).netloc != '':
            next_page = url_for('index')
        return redirect(next_page)
    # ...

Right after the user is logged in by calling Flask-Login's login_user() function, the value of the next query string argument is obtained. Flask provides a request variable that contains all the information that the client sent with the request. In particular, the request.args attribute exposes the contents of the query string in a friendly dictionary format. There are actually three possible cases that need to be considered to determine where to redirect after a successful login:

  • If the login URL does not have a next argument, then the user is redirected to the index page.
  • If the login URL includes a next argument that is set to a relative path (or in other words, a URL without the domain portion), then the user is redirected to that URL.
  • If the login URL includes a next argument that is set to a full URL that includes a domain name, then the user is redirected to the index page.

The first and second cases are self-explanatory. The third case is in place to make the application more secure. An attacker could insert a URL to a malicious site in the next argument, so the application only redirects when the URL is relative, which ensures that the redirect stays within the same site as the application. To determine if the URL is relative or absolute, I parse it with Werkzeug's url_parse() function and then check if the netloc component is set or not.

Showing The Logged In User in Templates

Do you recall that way back in Chapter 2 I created a fake user to help me design the home page of the application before the user subsystem was in place? Well, the application has real users now, so I can now remove the fake user and start working with real users. Instead of the fake user I can use Flask-Login's current_user in the template:

app/templates/index.html: Pass current user to template

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Hi, {{ current_user.username }}!</h1>
    {% for post in posts %}
    <div><p>{{ post.author.username }} says: <b>{{ post.body }}</b></p></div>
    {% endfor %}
{% endblock %}

And I can remove the user template argument in the view function:

app/routes.py: Do not pass user to template anymore

@app.route('/')
@app.route('/index')
@login_required
def index():
    # ...
    return render_template("index.html", title='Home Page', posts=posts)

This is a good time to test how the login and logout functionality works. Since there is still no user registration, the only way to add a user to the database is to do it via the Python shell, so run flask shell and enter the following commands to register a user:

>>> u = User(username='susan', email='susan@example.com')
>>> u.set_password('cat')
>>> db.session.add(u)
>>> db.session.commit()

If you start the application and go to the application's / or /index URLs, you will be immediately redirected to the login page, and after you log in using the credentials of the user that you added to your database, you will be returned to the original page, in which you will see a personalized greeting.

User Registration

The last piece of functionality that I'm going to build in this chapter is a registration form, so that users can register themselves through a web form. Let's begin by creating the web form class in app/forms.py:

app/forms.py: User registration form

from flask_wtf import FlaskForm
from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, BooleanField, SubmitField
from wtforms.validators import ValidationError, DataRequired, Email, EqualTo
from app.models import User

# ...

class RegistrationForm(FlaskForm):
    username = StringField('Username', validators=[DataRequired()])
    email = StringField('Email', validators=[DataRequired(), Email()])
    password = PasswordField('Password', validators=[DataRequired()])
    password2 = PasswordField(
        'Repeat Password', validators=[DataRequired(), EqualTo('password')])
    submit = SubmitField('Register')

    def validate_username(self, username):
        user = User.query.filter_by(username=username.data).first()
        if user is not None:
            raise ValidationError('Please use a different username.')

    def validate_email(self, email):
        user = User.query.filter_by(email=email.data).first()
        if user is not None:
            raise ValidationError('Please use a different email address.')

There are a couple of interesting things in this new form related to validation. First, for the email field I've added a second validator after DataRequired, called Email. This is another stock validator that comes with WTForms that will ensure that what the user types in this field matches the structure of an email address.

The Email() validator from WTForms requires an external dependency to be installed:

(venv) $ pip install email-validator

Since this is a registration form, it is customary to ask the user to type the password two times to reduce the risk of a typo. For that reason I have password and password2 fields. The second password field uses yet another stock validator called EqualTo, which will make sure that its value is identical to the one for the first password field.

When you add any methods that match the pattern validate_<field_name>, WTForms takes those as custom validators and invokes them in addition to the stock validators. I have added two of those methods to this class for the username and email fields. In this case I want to make sure that the username and email address entered by the user are not already in the database, so these two methods issue database queries expecting there will be no results. In the event a result exists, a validation error is triggered by raising an exception of type ValidationError. The message included as the argument in the exception will be the message that will be displayed next to the field for the user to see.

To display this form on a web page, I need to have an HTML template, which I'm going to store in file app/templates/register.html. This template is constructed similarly to the one for the login form:

app/templates/register.html: Registration template

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Register</h1>
    <form action="" method="post">
        {{ form.hidden_tag() }}
        <p>
            {{ form.username.label }}<br>
            {{ form.username(size=32) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.username.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>
            {{ form.email.label }}<br>
            {{ form.email(size=64) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.email.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>
            {{ form.password.label }}<br>
            {{ form.password(size=32) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.password.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>
            {{ form.password2.label }}<br>
            {{ form.password2(size=32) }}<br>
            {% for error in form.password2.errors %}
            <span style="color: red;">[{{ error }}]</span>
            {% endfor %}
        </p>
        <p>{{ form.submit() }}</p>
    </form>
{% endblock %}

The login form template needs a link that sends new users to the registration form, right below the form:

app/templates/login.html: Link to registration page

    <p>New User? <a href="{{ url_for('register') }}">Click to Register!</a></p>

And finally, I need to write the view function that is going to handle user registrations in app/routes.py:

app/routes.py: User registration view function

from app import db
from app.forms import RegistrationForm

# ...

@app.route('/register', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def register():
    if current_user.is_authenticated:
        return redirect(url_for('index'))
    form = RegistrationForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        user = User(username=form.username.data, email=form.email.data)
        user.set_password(form.password.data)
        db.session.add(user)
        db.session.commit()
        flash('Congratulations, you are now a registered user!')
        return redirect(url_for('login'))
    return render_template('register.html', title='Register', form=form)

And this view function should also be mostly self-explanatory. I first make sure the user that invokes this route is not logged in. The form is handled in the same way as the one for logging in. The logic that is done inside the if validate_on_submit() conditional creates a new user with the username, email and password provided, writes it to the database, and then redirects to the login prompt so that the user can log in.

Registration Form

With these changes, users should be able to create accounts on this application, and log in and out. Make sure you try all the validation features I've added in the registration form to better understand how they work. I am going to revisit the user authentication subsystem in a future chapter to add additional functionality such as to allow the user to reset the password if forgotten. But for now, this is enough to continue building other areas of the application.

578 comments

  • #251 mimmon said 2019-02-05T12:21:57Z

    Hi Miguel, thank you for this great tutorial.

    I am struggling with user login. In debug mode I see I successfully got through login_user part (I even see a flash message about it when login page is rendered again) and I see current_user is really the one from login form. However, after redirect to the next page current_user is lost/anonymous.

    When I removed login_required decorators, I was abe to see output of the respective (redirected) methods but only as an anonymous user.

    I also checked the official docs (https://flask-login.readthedocs.io/en/latest/), but it did not help me. Do you have idea what might be problem?

  • #252 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-02-05T15:58:47Z

    @mimmon: Flask-Login uses a cookie to record the logged in state of a user. Maybe your browser is configured to not accept cookies?

  • #253 Eugene said 2019-02-14T08:41:47Z

    It's ok and safe to login_user() right after creation with db.session.commit()?

    if form.validate_on_submit(): user = User(username=form.username.data, email=form.email.data) user.set_password(form.password.data) db.session.add(user) db.session.commit() flash('Congratulations, you are now a registered user!') login_user(user)
  • #254 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-02-14T11:08:23Z

    @Eugene: Yes, there is no problem with doing that.

  • #255 Haider said 2019-02-17T08:10:23Z

    Logout feature is not working

    It shows this error on logout:

    Internal Server Error The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.

  • #256 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-02-17T11:40:16Z

    @Haider: look in your terminal for the stack trace that corresponds to this error. That will give you some idea of what is the mistake that you've made.

  • #257 Tyler Craven said 2019-02-26T18:53:22Z

    Hello Miguel, Really appreciated this tutorial guide as it has helped me in the workplace significantly. I was wondering if you had any advice on how to implement a user registration process where I can confirm that the user is a part of my organization before giving them access. (Example: person from my organization registers, I recognize they are a part of my organization, then give them access to my web application credentials)

  • #258 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-02-26T21:15:53Z

    @Tyler: If you have a list of valid users (or a database that you can query for them), then in the login endpoint when the client sends the POST request with the login form data you can add a check to make sure the username or email provided is one of the valid ones.

  • #259 Pankaj Joshi said 2019-03-01T10:29:11Z

    i get error from this part: The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.

  • #260 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-03-01T10:34:19Z

    @Pankaj: look in the terminal window for a detailed stack trace of the error.

  • #261 Vinod said 2019-03-26T04:21:01Z

    I have done EmployeeDetails class for login purpose, now I have given relationship to all the other tableClasses with employee_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey('employee_details.id')) employee_details=relationship(EmployeeDetails) Now I have done all functionality. Now I need one step as reverse call like this : EmployeeDetails is current_user Relationship to Leaves {{ current_user.relationship(Leaves).casualLeave }}

  • #262 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-03-26T11:02:20Z

    @Vinod: have you seen how I use the "backref" option in part 4 of this tutorial? That allows you to set up the reverse direction of the relationship.

  • #263 Curtis Craig said 2019-03-27T18:44:03Z

    Is there any possible way of deleting the users in the system? For example, if an admin realizes that a user has been in the system but hasn't been active or has been acting badly, could he/she remove the user?

  • #264 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-03-28T10:00:25Z

    @Curtis: Yes, you have two options. One is to just delete the user, using the db.session.delete() method shown in the previous chapter. That is not a great idea because a user may be referenced in other parts of the database such as in posts, comments, etc. The more common solution is to use a "soft delete" pattern, where instead of deleting the user a "disabled" flag is added and set to True when the user needs to be ignored. I have blogged about soft deletes with Flask-SQLAlchemy: https://blog.miguelgrinberg.com/post/implementing-the-soft-delete-pattern-with-flask-and-sqlalchemy

  • #265 Kenmugy said 2019-04-03T21:34:11Z

    You seem to have a preference for negation, 1. like u prefer if user is none instead of if user: what's the difference btn the two 2. How come for next page wen I try to do the reverse of If not next_page or url_parse(next_page).netloc != "": Which would be if next_page or url_parse(next_page).netloc == "" I get an error: AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'find' In the traceback: I=url.find(s(":"))

  • #266 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-04-04T08:57:09Z

    @Kenmugy: 1. I'm confused, because "if user is None" is not the same as "if user". They are actually opposite! If you meant to say "if user is not None", then yes, both are the same. My version is more readable, in my opinion. 2. You are not reversing your conditions correctly. The reverse of "if not A or B" is "if A and not B". Change the or for an and and it should work.

  • #267 Austin Wile said 2019-04-07T23:22:23Z

    Hello, for all receiving: TypeError: login_user() missing 1 required positional argument: 'user'

    Make sure that your load_user function does not reference self. I.E.

    @login.user_loader def load_user(self,id): return User.query.get(int(id))

    Should be:

    @login.user_loader def load_user(id): return User.query.get(int(id))

    You're welcome. :)

  • #268 Tema said 2019-04-13T12:46:59Z

    Hi, Miguel. First of all thank you for tutorial. I have an issue with this code:

    form = LoginForm() if form.validate_on_submit(): user = User.query.filter_by(email=form.email.data).first() if user and user.check_password(form.password.data): login_user(user, remember=form.remember_me.data) next = request.args.get('next') if not next or url_parse(next).netloc != '': next = url_for('twitter.index') return redirect(next) else: flash('Invalid password!') return redirect(url_for('twitter.login')) return render_template('bp_twitter/login.htm.j2', form=form)

    Suppose url is: https://localhost:5000/login?next=%2Fu%2Fwilliam.s%2F If i send GET request.args has key "next" with value "/u/william.s/", OK. But if i send POST request.args is empty, so app redirect me to index despite of "next" parameter. What am i supposed to do to make it work right way? Thanks.

  • #269 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-04-14T10:04:50Z

    @Tema: how are you sending your GET and POST requests? This is designed so it is the browser sending these requests. The element has an empty action, and that means that the POST URL is going to be the same page, which should have the next argument. If the URL in your address bar does not have next, then you have a problem with the implementation of Flask-Login, which should add this argument to the query string for you.

  • #270 Tema said 2019-04-15T09:57:11Z

    @Miguel Grinberg: Yes, i mean browser send requests, Flask-Login also works well. The form had action as current route (login), now i make it empty and redirect works well. I will be gratefull if you'd explain why previous variant doesn't work. (logic in blueprint 'auth' under route '/login' and has an action "{{ url_for('auth.login') }}")

  • #271 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-04-15T10:23:27Z

    @Tema: when you press the submit button on the form, the browser sends a POST request to the URL indicated by the form action attribute. If you set the action to "/login", then that is the URL that will be used, and obviously this URL does not have the "next" argument.

    On the other side, if you set action to empty, then the browser uses the URL that is in the address bar to send the POST request. This URL was created by Flask-Login when you attempted to enter a protected page. For example, if you wanted to go to "/users" and this URL requires login, then Flask-Login intercepts the request and instead redirects you to "/login?next=/users". So then the POST request with the login information will have the "next" argument. Hope this clarifies how this works.

  • #272 Charles Mead said 2019-05-01T21:14:50Z

    Hi Migel -- I'm working through your microblog tutorial as as Udemy class and all was working well until I hit Part 5 -- Login. When I download your code from git and try and run it, I get the following error on port 5000: Internal Server Error The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Either the server is overloaded or there is an error in the application.

    Everything fine in Part 4. Can you tell me what might be going on? (If it matters, I'm running Chrome Version 73.0.3683.103 (Official Build) (64-bit) on a Macbook Pro under Mojave 10.14.

    Thanks in advance! charlie

  • #273 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-05-02T02:02:58Z

    @Charles: you need to look in your terminal window for the actual error message and stack trace. The message that you copied above is too generic to know what's going on.

  • #274 CarlosR said 2019-05-07T06:05:33Z

    Hello Miguel, I have hit a challenging part of the project Flask login chapter getting Internal Server Error werkzeug.routing. BuildError: Could not build url for endpoint 'index'. Did you mean 'login' instead?

    i followed the error to the base'html file but found no typos...

    File "/home/pc/microblog/venv/lib/python3.6/site-packages/jinja2/_compat.py", line 37, in reraise raise value.with_traceback(tb) File "/home/pc/microblog/app/templates/login.html", line 2, in top-level template code {% extends 'base.html' %} File "/home/pc-hp-pav/microblog/app/templates/base.html", line 12, in top-level template code Home

    Where else should I be looking at?

    Thank you

  • #275 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-05-07T10:21:43Z

    @CarlosR: the error indicates that you do not have any route functions named "index()" in your application. Did you use a different name for this function? If you did, then replace "index" with the function name that you used.

Leave a Comment